A finite-element treatment of sea ice dynamics for different ice rheologies     

R. M. S. M. Schulkes  L. W. Morland  R. Staroszczyk 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1998,22(3):153-174

In this paper the effects of four different rheologies on the evolution of a large-scale sea ice pack are determined and compared. Two rheologies are of viscous-plastic form, and two are viscous fluid relations. The initial pack domain is rectangular, and the motion is driven by wind stress and resisted by ocean drag. Two adjacent edges are rigid shore boundaries, and the other two are free boundaries at open water which move during the pack motion, so that the pack domain changes in time. Two different forms of boundary conditions at the rigid shore edges are considered, which also influence the evolution. The governing equations are solved numerically using a finite-element method, and, unlike previous numerical treatments, no artificial viscosity is incorporated to stabilise the algorithm near interfaces between converging and diverging flow. Instability arises when any tensile stress is abruptly cut-off when diverging flow is initiated, and an alternative view is offered. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A discriminatory diagram of massive versus stratified deposits based on the sedimentation and bedload transportation rates. Experimental investigation and application to pyroclastic density currents     

Pierfrancesco Dellino  Fabio Dioguardi  Domenico Maria Doronzo  Daniela Mele 《Sedimentology》2020,67(4):2013-2039

Dense gas-particle jets similar to collapsing eruption columns were generated by large-scale experiments. The column collapse resulted in a ground-hugging current forming stratified layers with bedding similar to natural pyroclastic density current deposits. At the impact of the collapsing column on the ground, a thick, massive bed was formed due to a high sedimentation rate that dumped turbulence due to high clast concentration. Down-current, flow expansion favoured turbulence and dilute gas-particle current that formed thin rippled layers deposited under traction. Experiments fed with fine ash (median size 0·066 mm) formed deposits without tractional structures, because fine particles, as other sedimentary fine material, is cohesive and exposes a limited surface to the shear stress. Experimental outcomes show that massive beds are formed where the sedimentation rate per unit width S_rw exceeds the bedload transportation rate Q_b by two orders of magnitude. A lower ratio generates traction at the base of the flow and formation of shear structures that increase in wavelength and height with a decreasing flux. This study presents a diagram that provides a useful addition for facies analysis of pyroclastic density currents, provided that deposits representing sustained sedimentation can be identified in the field. In the diagram a decrease in the S_rw/Q_b ratio corresponds to an increase in bedform size. Application of the diagram for hazard assessment purposes allows the reconstruction of the mass eruption rate of the Agnano–Monte Spina eruption at Campi Flegrei, which is the main variable defining the intensity of past eruptions, and of the Bingham rheology of the massive underflow of the Mercato pyroclastic density current at Vesuvius.  相似文献   

内蒙古大青山古元古代造山带中-下地壳深熔流变研究     

刘同君  李伟民  刘永江  金巍  邵弋伦 《岩石学报》2020,36(11):3309-3330

内蒙古大青山地区是典型的早前寒武纪造山带根部岩石出露区,大量下地壳高级变质-深熔岩石中保留了丰富的流变构造样式,是开展部分熔融岩石流变行为研究的天然实验室。本文对内蒙古大青山地区雪海沟和大庙-忽鸡沟构造带内变形岩石开展了宏观、微观构造解析、EBSD组构以及锆石U-Pb年代学研究,并结合前人研究成果,考查了不同构造层次、不同熔融程度岩石的流变特征及其与造山过程的耦合关系。研究结果表明,雪海沟至大庙-忽鸡沟地区体现了造山带地壳结构层次由深至浅的特点。深部构造层次（雪海沟）高级深熔条件下,宏观上以各种形式的浅色脉体参与岩石流变,深熔熔体夹矿物颗粒流形成网状的断续条带状构造。微观上斜长石受扩散蠕变、颗粒边界滑移和颗粒流动影响,一般没有明显的晶内变形组构,CPO（晶格优选方位）发育不明显。在中深部构造层次（大庙-忽鸡沟）深熔作用相对较弱,宏观上形成平行片麻理的较规则条纹/条带构造。微观上斜长石发生位错蠕变,CPO发育明显。此外,角闪石在不同构造层次下均表现出位错蠕变特征,结晶优选方向受深熔作用影响不大。上述变形样式和机制,体现了造山带根部高级变质-深熔岩石在固-液两相介质中,发生水平层状粘-塑性流动变形特点。随后深熔岩石的塑性流动变形伴随加厚地壳的伸展减薄-隆升过程而逐渐硬化并遭受剥露。  相似文献   

平均海平面模型的确立方法研究     

孙啸  周兴华  孙学华  孙翠羽 《海岸工程》2011,30(2):30-37

针对平均海平面的定义,分别介绍了利用验潮站资料和卫星高度计资料确立平均海平面的方法原理,并对2种方法的特性及存在的问题进行了比较阐述,确定了以沿岸长期验潮站为控制条件,对卫星测高数据确定的高分辨率高精度的平均海平面网格模型进行改正,最终构建平均海平面与国家大地坐标系关系的研究方法.  相似文献   

岚山海洋观测站验潮、温盐井的设计建设     

宋升锋  侯继灵  郑培宁  胡颜开 《海岸工程》2009,28(4):64-68

验潮井、温盐井设计在《海滨观测规范》中仅提供了一个参考公式与参考数据，至今尚未形成一个从理论到实际的成熟的设计方法及设计模式。对岚山海洋观测站验潮井、温盐井的设计建设进行了总结，经对比验证效果良好。  相似文献